Currently being updated from 1996 Research papers:
Smart Design
Sustainable Design:
Author: Jonathan Sheridan
Will we invest in design, to employ smart systems and materials in order to survive, compete, sustain life style and profit in the twenty first Century?
We live in a mass manufactured world, can we use design to help us sustain and develop, in our now, "fragile world"?
Commercial products come from simple, clear ideas: Can designers make these ideas, existing and new, beneficial to our direct environment and wider environment?... Is smart design something that could help?
Is Smart Design Green?
Smart design could be seen as a design method that uses state of the art techniques and materials to: "simulate naturally efficient systems"
Smart design attempts to emulate nature by being energy efficient. From as far back as the 15th century we have acknowledged a desire to mimic nature in design. Utilising material knowledge, monitoring and control systems, and simple recycling and life cycle design, hybrib systems could be solutions to highly polluting and wasteful designs.
“A bird is an instrument working according to mathematical law, which instrument it is within the capacity of man to reproduce with all its movements.”
Leonardo Da Vinci.
(Design for the real world Victor Papanek 1974.)
It is not only important to reduce/stop consumption of energy... i.e. the "Three Spoons of Oil per day"... but in every part of the product... making consumables renewable, as renewable say.... "as a section of wood?" Designers need to elevate quality and function, to fit the sustainable life cycle needed.
Although free enterprise has helped us develop many technologies and financial models in society, it is time for many products to be re-designed and/or pushed out of the market (by law, order or design). i.e. Polystyrene products... or materials which cannot be separated for pure material re use.... or degradation.
Today we are forced to look at our investment in smart technology as the alternative to the throw away values and built in obsolescence which will lead to more waste and pollution.
When looking at smart systems in general and focusing on the building industry, as architecture is a leading edge in the innovation of Smart Materials and Systems, we can cover a broad range of smart products, in terms of their: economic viability, ecological features, ergonomic capacities and labour saving qualities. Issues such as obsolescence versus extended life cycle and the philosophical implications of smart innovation are also considered, this online document is to put an argument across to reinforce the use of Smart design.
It is suggested that smart product design will inevitably play a significant role in the twenty first century. Smart products are viable economically as well as environmentally and are set to change our lives and shape the future.
What is a Smart product?
A pair of shoes shape to the wearers' feet, another person wearing these shoes would be uncomfortable. It is not only the size of shoe but the shape of the wearer's foot that is different. The wearer has adapted the shoe to suit their unique and specific requirements. So are the Shoes really smart? The answer is no. They do adapt to their environment, but they change only once, they only have one life cycle.
Smart products however extend and prolong their life cycle, they not only adapt to their environment but change when and whenever it changes. The shoes are not smart as they only have a single transformation.
Software is the penultimate smart product, reprogramming and manipulation of software enables it to evolve to the unique requirements of the user.
Photo reactive lenses are a good example of a SMART product: they are used in normal spectacles and react to strong sunlight by darkening and thus protecting the wearers eyes.
Why Use Smart Products?
There are many applications that utilize the word smart, either to sell or describe a product. The range is diverse: from foaming shower units and changing texture toasters to biometric recognition systems. But we should remember it is the use of our top technology in conjunction with our smartest decisions which will help make our environment safe for the future.
Increasing market populations are more competitively and environmentally driven; this coupled with an ever-increasing struggle for global market share, and a more discerning consumer, means that customers are more autocratic than ever. As the Chairman of Marks and Spencer’s suggested last year;
"The customer is not just King, the customer is now Dictator."
( Sir Richard Green ; Feb 1995 ; The money program.)
This is scary when you think how many of us are educated by watching fictional films! So the problem of global warming etc.. cannot be solved by product designers alone.. or for that matter by any individual, it will take the mass population to tip the balance . It will include everyday people choosing the safest products for the good of all over those that only help ones self and the system to employ constraints on what the less educated of us buy and use!
Current Affairs in support!!! BBC Europe - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7772412.stm
EU wants end to old-style bulbs |
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A European Union report has recommended banning conventional incandescent light bulbs by 2012 to save energy and cut down on greenhouse gas emissions. Most light bulbs sold in the EU are of the type pioneered by Thomas Edison in 1879. But the report says the EU could save up to $12bn (£8bn) a year in energy bills by switching to low-energy bulbs. The report needs the backing of the European parliament and all 27 member states to become law. "It's very clear that this is a measure that will change the way that we consume energy," EU Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs told journalists. Phase out Once approved, the EU would phase out conventional bulbs between September 2009 and September 2012. |
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For the designer
Consumers expectations are high and competition intense. Designers should respond to a more discerning market by employing new techniques and developing new products, products with the adaptability and quality to sell and make money in competitively driven markets. Products must be smart enough to cater for a more Global, environmentally aware and dynamic world. Designers should look to the latest technologies to build adaptive and evolving products for the user, using the product to respond rather than specific design criteria dictating that change.
In the same light, low tech objects / products should be recycled and reused, which in its simplest form, Smart use, re use can lower each and everyone's carbon foot print. Or our 3 Spoons of crude Oil a day.
The author suggests that the dichotomy faced by the designers moving into the twenty first Century is:-
(a) Whether investment in smart technology is time wasting in a market place which currently condones a disposable economy.
(b) Whether to use the application of expensive smart systems in production, with the deferred benefits of a more ethical, lucrative and quality product.
This debate is tackled in the main body of this document:
Smart Architecture?
The application of smart systems in buildings has been most influential, to the masses an could be an example to the man in the Street, the main man is every man. Because large scale investments are made in communal buildings the general public are becoming increasingly aware of and influenced by smart innovations in architectural practice, this could be a window of opportunity for the masses to get on the band wagon of Green or Sustainable products for the home and recreational sides of our lives.
Mass markets develop designs for situations of change, creating influential works dictated by the consumer. The design features of public buildings reflect the style and tone of the organizations mode of operation. Furthermore, today’s buildings, as innovative historical structures reflect the culture and characteristics of their creators and users.
Jean Nouvel`s inspirational building Monde Arabe is smart, and reflects the personality of Arabian people, design features have somehow captured something of the essence of national characteristics. This building so inspired me when I visited it last year that it shaped the focus of this research project.
Jean Nouvel:
“Monde Arabe, which baffles and controls light through membranes, maintains an environment which reflects the Arabian community of Paris.”
So why use architecture to decode the future for smart systems? Because it is a universal ,utilitarian and large-scale forum which has a profound influence on people and upon how they live their lives.
“There is an order that is only beginning to emerge-one which is to do with generosity and an understanding of the relationships of our individual lives and the life we play on the social stage. It is concerned with generating a sustainable relationship between all of us and the world we inhabit.”
“Already it is possible for individuals to control the temperature and fresh air intake at their own desks - but only in expensive buildings such as Lloyd`s (AR Oct 1986). The technology will become cheaper .”
( I.D. Magazine: Energy for Life . The Editors 1995. )
The subject under discussion is essentially ergonomics-creating living and working environments which are “user friendly’(to borrow a phrase from computing,) Ecosystems which respond reflexively to ensure maximum comfort and efficiency.
Observations on architectural smart systems are being decoded by the users. That is, researchers look to the reactions, needs and demands of the consumer in order to decide which projects merit investment.
“Even now, the precise performance of the occupied building throughout the year will have to be learned from.”
(Log ID :Energy matters Introduction The Editors.)
Architecture ,through its own natural development, will uncover the consumers wants and needs and thus dictate its future systems and ethos.
Walter Gropius:
“ Let us conceive, consider and create together the new building of the future that will bring all into one single integrated creation; architecture, painting and sculpture rising to heaven out of the hands of the future.”
( Grid Iron. P.Kerr )
Smart Travel Solar powered sailing...
Inflatable air craft: 
Smart Design can employ Smart ideas to make use of products in a smart way!!!! i.e. Re-Use is Green!
Shelving system made from washing machine drums.
Lamp stand made from re cycled umbrella frame.
Smart products should not necessarily be too clever!
The simplest ideas applied to the design process will make a product green.
Examples
1. Using pure materials and keeping them separate in a product. (The mixing of materials makes them difficult to separate in re use and or in recycling the combination of materials should be outlawed for mass produced products.)
(We need to include the accurate branding of materials for reuse and recycling)
Materials that are bad for the eco system:
Composites are good for reducing weight and increasing strength.. but how do we take them apart when we are finished???
Re - Cycle /Re-Use what's the difference?
Doing the best with the mistakes we have made already! And mass production design, great creates!
Art and influence:
some Ideals are shown to us through art, these chairs are not good for the environment as a product, but as an idea they show clearly the idea of re use.
Current Thinking on Smart Products and Materials
A change in function can increase the life and efficiency of a product or service. For example a tin opener that doubles as a bottle opener. As individual products they collectively equate to a less efficient solution. Therefore, a product that adapts to different work has the capability of being more efficient.
The rise in use of modern smart systems expressed by one of the countries leading producers in smart systems:
“Smart materials are expected to revolutionize how structures and skins perform........ There is no universally accepted definition of the term smart material (also described as intelligent, sense-able, multi functional or adaptive materials); however, they can be thought of as material systems which manifest their own functions intelligently depending on sensed environmental changes. They are modeled on biological systems with sensors acting as a nervous system, actuators acting as a brain to control the system.”
(DR Scott S.J.Roberts . Smart composite material systems)
This is a very useful definition. Roberts clearly presents the central facets of “smart” materials. The important word is “intelligent”, the analogy is made to the human brain and central nervous system. The human brain and nervous system react smartly to sustain our lives, just as a smart system would do for a structure or product to which it is tied.
“ It is quite common for one field to completely misunderstand the terminology and State-of- the-art in other fields.”
(Field of smart structures as seen by those working in it: survey results S. William. 1995)
Smart terminology is rather confusing. A worldwide survey has been under taken to decipher the technical communities knowledge of the jargon to improve clarification and communication. Taken out over the Internet it has shown the inherent communication problems between fields.
Dictionary definitions:
Universal Dictionary:
Smart:1. a. To cause a sharp, usually superficial, stinging pain, as an acrid liquid or a slap may.b. to be the source of such a pain, as a wound may. c. To wounded feelings, or remorse: smarting from wounded pride 3. To suffer or pay heavy penalty. Usually used with for ~n. Sharp mental or physical pain.
Mini dictionary:
Smart: Neat and elegant; clever ;forceful, brisk
Some Oxford Thesaurus alternatives:
Smart: Ingenious, perceptive, perspicuous, quick, quick witted, the opposite to dull, sophisticated worldly, having sharp mind.
Many of the former incorporate the notion of mentally or physically intelligent beings, of inherent potentials to react swiftly and reflexively to unpredictable or novel eventualities.
Sir Richard Rogers Architect defines smart buildings by reiterating the idea that smart materials should incorporate the unconscious reflex capabilities of living organisms. He describes his own physical reactivity:
“I respond, I look away from you, I get too hot and I blush - all these things are responses which deal with external stimuli. Automatically, without even thinking, I have to do certain things: I duck when I see a blow coming, I put my head down in the wind to make myself smaller, which makes it easier for me to move. And I show less surface, which means I`m giving off less heat - very useful for a building to give off less heat.”
(“ Horizon The New Alchemist.” 1993 Text adapted from the programme.)
The word Smart is sometimes misused. A recent award for innovation from Prince Charles was for “smart water”, the water is not “smart”, it is dyed water-the dye is invisible until exposed to ultra violet light and used by the police to catch criminals-a smart idea-but not a smart product. It is appropriate for its function, but is not reflexive or adaptive-not “smart” in the way we have come to understand.
Over leaf a map of smart structure interactions from “The Institute of Materials.” and the Elsivier materials selector:
Smart materials classification.
(W Craig Michie : M.i.s. Profile Appendix 1 )
( DR S.J.Roberts and R. Davidson Internal monitoring
of structural composite materials through optical fibre sensors.)
Type I Passive Smart structure
Structurally Integrated Microsensors to determine State / Environment
Type II Reactive Smart Structure
E.G. Optical nervous system and actuator Control loop.
Type III Intelligent Structure
Capable of adaptive Learning.
Are Smart Products The Future?
Aim of this document:
To assess the level of influence that smart design will have over the product development in the Twenty First Century.
Questions raised:
Will the adaptation or reaction of an object to its environment, increase its life in service or add to its efficiency at work?
How will Smart Products contribute towards 21st Century living?
What is the role of Smart Products in the 21st Century?
Will smart architecture be at the forefront of innovative smart design in the Twenty First Century?
Are smart systems Green?
Will Smart designs be able to interact with us without leading us?
Objectives of this document:
The new technology of the twenty first century is to be researched and analyzed for trends of development, which may aim towards a smarter future. An analysis of this will consist of market sector evaluation and trend.
To research the secular trends of Smart Products for evaluation.
To review current literature and thinking surrounding the use and development of smart products / architecture.
To assess the energy efficiency of selected smart systems. By studying the properties of materials in a simulated test environment.
To evaluate and measure the advantages and disadvantages / Strengths and weaknesses of the employment of selected smart systems.
To analyze and assess the alternatives drawing from the research carried out in the previous sections and,
To evaluate the alternatives.
Methodology:
The author makes use of various case studies. Objective comparisons are made and conclusions pronounced. Hypotheses are suggested and are tested against the chosen case studies and relevant background readings.
Chapter 1:
Smart Products A History
“Human civilization has been so profoundly influenced by materials technologies that historians have defined distinct time periods by the materials that were dominant during these eras.”
(Smart materials and structures: M.V.Gandhi And B.S. Thompson. 1992)
The “smart” ethos is nothing new, but the word is now very much the vogue, a smart decade is professed for the nineties.
Man has been smart for some time:
“The process of utilizing intelligence to explore and exploit various resources for the benefits of man kind has started from the beginning of human civilization.”
(IEEE International Management conference 1995. )
The word Smart was first used by Eric Udd in the 1970`s. He used the term “smart skins”, which means a combination and integration of less moving parts. It relates to technical innovations in the avionics industry of the seventies. These new materials greatly increased the efficiency and economy of the flight trade.
( “Smart Skins” M.i.s. Profile interview W Craig Michie. 1996 )
In 1986 Butler & Hocker produced a fibre optic strain gauge, for use in the US Airforce, it was embedded into wing skins for real time feed back systems onboard. Conferences following the introduction of the optic strain gauge, which also reviewed super conductors, stated the word Smart as a descriptor for the “reactive materials.”
( DR S.S.J.Roberts Interview.)
The Components of smart systems have been around for allot longer than composite smart and intelligent systems. Electronic goods are part of the history of Smart equipment. The potential for “smart” innovation was greatly accelerated with the invention of computer technology. (Read Electronic Goods)
“ the ENIAC computer, which went into service in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, is considered the world's first truly electronic digital computer. It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, and occupied the space of a large garage. The vacuum tubes were an improvement over the electromechanical relays used as switches in earlier computers, but ENIAC was temperamental, functioning only in short bursts. A modern hand held computer is far more powerful than the ENIAC.” (Encarta 1995 Microsoft.)
This quote indicates the swift and dramatic developments in the computing field from its inception. Computerized systems are the basis for many smart systems and products.
“ If the car had developed as rapidly as the computer it would be able to do 1,000,000 miles to the gallon.”
(Video-Teaching Computers To Think - 1992 Christopher Evans.)
Information technology is now at our disposal so readily it can be an awesome power to manage and monitor products to be their most efficient.
“Tailored products”: Some products have the ability to be adapted or tailored’ by the user. Such products are not integrally smart, but are so by virtue of the flexibility and adaptability incorporated into their design. Tailored products go back to the first arrival of mass manufacturing. Crystal Palace is a good example, built in 1851, constructed out of iron and glass and made of pre-fabricated, standardized units. The standardization of the component parts made the construction work less complicated; each component could be used interchangeably with the next.
(Design In Context: Penny Sparke 1987)
Smart system components such as, Electro chromic polymer laminate windows, transducers, sensors, polymer muscles and tri metals have all been recent developments in the smart way of thinking. Combined with computer systems, which use miniature high storage and high processing speeds to enhance sensory information. New smart systems seem to be looming on the horizon.
Smart features are increasingly incorporated into domestic labour-saving devices to improve their marketability. A recent advert from a National paper appeals to the consumers desire for the promise and adaptability of smart (and lovable) products:
“ Here is a new toaster you will really love.”
The toaster is not only functional but it is made with plastics that change their “feel” in response to mechanical conditions. If you grasp the toaster firmly it will resist firmly, if you caress it, it will yield. (Similar to the properties of cornflower and water when mixed.)
(Financial Times September, 13,1995)
“The 1990`s will become known as the “Smart Decade” not because of people getting intelligent but because tools have.” (“Get Smart ”)
The consumer is becoming increasingly discerning. Expectations are high-it can be irksome when the supermarket door does not open automatically, when the photocopier demands manual interventions e.g. more ink, when your toast won’t fit into the toaster, or even when your toaster will not yield to your touch! - what a hard life! Luxuries are becoming necessities. The more we have the more we want. The pressure is on to own the latest, smartest products and the race is on for the producers to ‘come up with the goods’.
iPod - iPhone - iMac
i Means electronic information??... but should it mean smart, intelligent???... using the resources of the world wide web and the computation power of the silicon multi core processor... we can control everything by remote control!!
Product Trends
What is a product?
“A product is everything, both favorable and unfavorable, that is received in an exchange. A product can be an idea, a service, a good or any combination of these three. A good is a tangible physical entity, such as a video tape recorder or a Mazda MX5 sports car.”
(Dibb Simkin 1995)
Products fall into one of two general categories: Consumer products and industrial products.
Much is written on product categories, below are just a few:
Consumer Products:
Convenience Products. Minimum purchasing effort
Shopping products. Chosen carefully.
Specialty products. Pre specified product.
Unsought products. Emergency sales.
Industrial Products:
Raw materials.
Accessory equipment.
Component parts.
Process Materials.
Consumable Supplies.
Industrial services.
(Dibb Simkin 1995)
Papanek suggests that the objective of a product is to transform environments, he says:
“The ultimate job of design is to transform man’s environment and tools and, by extension, man himself.”
(Design for the real world; Papanek, V. 1989)
Papanek believes that product design has the power to change man himself. Product design is not only big business but also impacts upon the evolution of lifestyle.
Companies producing smart products are aiming at mass markets because smart technology is expensive to produce. Revenue is the decisive factor in the development of new technologies.
Smart developments are Currently most often found in Industry:
Electronic goods / Domestic appliances.
Bridges / Support Structures
Aeronautical.
Architectural.
Major areas include Military / Medical / Civil engineering.
Many applications are in use today spanning the whole product range from major emergencies in cars and transport, to genetically engineered hearts for us to use as replacement parts.
( F.T. “ Pig hearts to be tested in humans.”)
A deciding factor in the viability of a smart product is an increased or expanded life cycle. To compete against rival similar products the smart product is capable of evolving to the users needs and specifications, thus increasing its durability. For example sustaining the time it takes a material or system to degrade or decompose will increase its life in service.
Ambitious smart trends:
“IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highways System.) The goal is to make vehicular traffic safer and more efficient through various sorts of gadgets, even to the point of total automation. Combined these technologies could also lower fuel consumption and cut air pollution..”
( Get Smart. )
This ambitious project will incur an American investment of $200 billion over the next couple of decades.
The militias are currently investing heavily in smart innovations.
“ DRA Defense Research Agency in Farnborough are actively pursuing commercial applications,” for once secret smart technology.
Smart Bombs, laser guided missiles, are an advanced weapon, which saved the cornering of the oil market by Iraq. The bombs are extremely accurate. This use of “ Smart Bombs.” during the Gulf war brought the smart idea into more common use.
( Larner,D : Robocop takes the wrong trousers: Smart guns are the way of the future,)
Electronic Goods
Most electronic goods have set systems, which are not adaptable. Computers, however, are one of the smartest of mans creations. The availability of software and the ever-increasing memory facilities of modern I.T. mean that computers are smart in the true sense of the word. They are intelligent and fulfill the criteria of an increased life in service.
By the direct action of loading different programs, a different configuration and work criteria can be set and a personal computer may become an indispensable working partner tailored to the specific demands of the users business.
Artificial intelligence is an all-important feature in a fully intelligent system. The algorithm, fuzzy logic and neural networks are systems, which store information and learn from input, in a looping selective path of analysis.
To contain a fully intelligent system computer software will need to create learning systems, a challenge for technology, which is still only theoretical.
The development of learning systems poses many challenges:
Professor Jeffersons’s Lister Orations for 1949.
“ Not until a machine can write a sonnet or compose a concerto because of thoughts and emotions felt, ........ could we agree that machine equals brain , that is, not only write it but know that is had written it,.........pleasure at is successes, grieve when its values fuse, be warmed by flattery, be made miserable by its mistakes, be charmed by sex, be angry or depressed when it cannot get what it wants.”
(Boden, M. 1991) (The Philosophy of artificial intelligence.)
We have not yet created a machine that can ‘feel’, emotions are what make us human. However, we have developed technologies that can think and the line between thinking and feeling becomes ever narrower as computers are programmed to incorporate more numerous factors and variables into their decision-making processes.
Computers are increasingly replacing people in the workplace. The Piney Wood pulp mill has one of the first control centers completely converted to microprocessor-based instrumentation. A worker from the mill is quoted:
“We don’t know what will be happening to us in the future. Modern technology is taking over. What will be our place?”
( In the age of the smart machine S. Zuboff.)
It is inevitable that computers will replace certain sectors of the workforce. Economic viability dictates this; computers can improve efficiency and reduce wage bills. Many of us still have to take a philosophical leap and regard the computer as a liberator rather than a grim reaper. Computers can free us to do things other than mundane work, we have to radically alter our expectancies and replace the work ethic with a new philosophy, which incorporates making good use of leisure time and contributing to society in fulfilling ways. Smart technology will eventually completely transform society. It will still be men and women who write sonnets and fall in love.
Computers can increase processing and calculation speeds and can store increasingly incredible amounts of information. Computers are often the brain of a smart system. Computers will always require an input to react to, computer programmers are people, fears that we are being dictated to by machines can be assuaged this way. This fear of learned smart systems taking control is addressed in the book “ Grid Iron by Phillip Kerr 1988”.“ Grid Iron” is a fictional building which “ Explores the dark potential of new technology.” With an Intelligent security system ABRAHAM (“The computer was encouraged to think of itself as the brain in the body of the building”) . An “assassin, with a particularly menevolant plan.” Abraham begins to murder Grid Irons guests; the sinister, intelligent building is murdering its staff.
It is foreseen that inadequate intelligent systems will be the first generation, and will be unstable. The fear of uncontrollable change is one that makes many skeptical views of computers, intelligent systems and thus smart systems. Smart systems can be passively controlled, and only guiding a products development by means of set criteria. Passive systems should not be feared the user is in control, intelligent systems are able to learn and adapt and more understandably inspire fears of this nature.
The reaction time of computers (Central Processing Unit (CPU)) in a smart system dictates how smart the system is. This is not to say that a holistic intelligent system will not occur without the aid of a CPU, but at the moment a substantial part of intelligent systems use computers as controls, passively, not as learned intelligent systems (see smart materials classification in the Introduction.)
Although electronic goods are the field for the development of smart technology, it is not uncommon to find a purely mechanical smart material. For example polymer muscles, shape memory plastics / alloys and transducing components have real time reaction rates and can convert energy efficiently from one form to another (Transduce energy. ) example: electrolytic, to kinetic energy.
Amplified transducers can transform information and amplify it to drive a system; a CPU is not required, for example a Bimetal, which reacts to heat change.
Smart materials truly hold great potential in creating specialist tools and aids. There are, “drug delivery systems which target specific cellular structures ” and are “ termed as intelligent ”. (Tomorrow’s World.) Such specialist systems will not appeal to mass markets at present. Electronic goods will predominate as the commercial smart products of today.
Adapting environments
SMS`s will find their optimal use in the development of intelligent environments which adapt to their inhabitants. Systems that customize and optimize usage for specific work in measuring and regulating the health of the environment.
Already tailoring by the user is used in modular systems, which are requisite parts of the business environment. We see the spaces changing as businesses come, go and evolve in a building. (See Modular cladding and partitions in Appendix 4.) Other examples; Escalators and lifts, working on command; movement activated fans and lighting. Monde Arabe (“ Though the looking glass.” Appendix 2)
Will we interact with an increasing number of Adapting surroundings in the next decade? This proposition can only be addressed by analysis of the present number and usage of adapting systems.
“Intelligent sensors have found their way into industrial residence in peoples homes. In the last two years, less than 1% of new-home constructions have had intelligent apparatus installed. But experts agree and statistics show that homes are getting smarter.”
( Meth,Clifford 1995 Where will smart homes get their smarts? Appendix 3)
As smart technology becomes cheaper to produce its use will increase in the household. Smart technology is more commonly found in commercial environments, where money is less of an object.
Many markets have a scope of performance which is required by the product, CPK mean, mode and median dictate static anthropometrics which cater for the users, an adaptable seat and space in public transport could aid eight million people to travel on Americas public transport system.
( Public transport, Future trends: Encarta Microsoft 1995.)
Emergent adapting environments:
Biometric verification: Systems are able to give “ verification of unique features of our physiology,” i.e. our eyes, fingerprints and voice. Barclays are testing these techniques and a smart handgun, which can only be used by the dictated owner, has been developed by the American Police Force.
Biometric verification is an incredibly exciting and futuristic concept.
( BBC2 “ The Technophobes Guide to the future.” May 1996.)
Adapting to the environment
How will new environments affect us?
New comers to changing environments will treat the new habitats differently. Techno phobics may be reluctant to use features of smart or intelligent environments. However people are usually fairly adaptable and are generally willing to embrace the novel. Even the elderly have become accustomed to automatic doors in super markets.
An Open University lecture suggests many of us find the new technology awesome but that generations to come will be less techno phobic.
Narrator.
“People are afraid of change, because rapid decisions increase stress... bringing about future shock:”
“Think of technology as an organism changing and adapting to our needs. Our children will be the ones who will have to change.”
( BBC2 O.U.Catalyst against pollution. Materials: Engineering and science. 26-3-96.)
Smart designers need to address the problem of “ Future Shock,” and more generally our fear of rapid change. Marketers need to encourage and educate the consumer and to assuage fears that we will be at the mercy of technology. They need to convince us that smart is synonymous with helpful and friendly, to make it saleable.
“We like to feel man is in some subtle way superior to the rest of creation, for then there is no danger of him losing his commanding position.”
( The philosophy of artificial Intelligence, M.A.Boden 1991 )
Consumer / Designer Relationships
Designed products should all be consumer led, (‘the customer is now dictator’, Richard Green). It is unethical for designers to dictate to consumers; the relationship between consumer and designer and between research and innovation needs to be reflexive, detailed and ongoing. Users often have the ability to program smart systems, which is a design plus in that it increases options and improves usability.
The consumer/designer relationship is central in smart design, for by definition smart means responding to specific needs.
Is Smart Design Green?
Smart design attempts to emulate nature by being energy efficient.
From as far back as the 15th century we have acknowledged a desire to mimic nature in design.
“A bird is an instrument working according to mathematical law, which instrument it is within the capacity of man to reproduce with all its movements.”
Leonardo Da Vinci.
(Design for the real world Victor Papanek 1974.)
Food is being manipulated and adapted by genetic engineering which is a form of smart design. We are adjusting the size and shape of certain fruits for easy packaging and also adding vaccines to fruits as a way of inoculating the people that consume them. We not only mimic nature we also engineer natural phenomenon to our own ever ambitious ends.
We have a primary objective to support life, sustain resources and maintain the earth’s genetic diversity. Smart design could use this philosophy as incentive for sales as smart designs are often inherently environmentally friendly. Environmentalist directives were laid down in the world summits environmental protection act of 1980.
Environmental awareness is now a key concern of the product designer. Smart designers are able to capitalize on this concern.
(Narrator Horizon The New Alchemists 19-4-93.)
“A smart revolution is being driven by the conflicting demands of an increasingly complex society and the urgent need for clean and low energy solutions. It is being pioneered by a new generation of chemists, biologists and engineers. Their inspiration is nature, their model is the mechanism of life.”
The origin that fuels us is what we have to look too for innovation. The products of man should develop and adjust to their environment, just as all that live in it does to survive. By observation smart design is there fore respective to its innovator, and reflects its work by increasing efficiency.
A smart ethos is a natural development for products:
Frank Gehrys smart use of materials to utilize the next structural development of wood is another example, in the form of card board, from pulp to fabricate a structure of integrity, as shown above :
Because of the various applications to which smart design has been put, it is difficult to say if it is green or not, needless to say the technology to produce these systems is new, it is expensive, and will not be efficient in cost for some time now, but has a great potential for addressing the efficiency of our ecosystem.
(Read Central Debate: Rage against the dying of the light: Solar Foster. Smart systems energy efficiency.)
Interview: A Modern example of Smart design in use:
DR Scott S J Roberts (Senior Materials Scientist.)
AEA Technology. Passive smart structure.
Advanced Engineering materials.
AEA has been established for 10 years .One of their major projects is the development of active and passive fibre optics embedded into composite materials they work in Cooperation with Strathclyde University fibre optics department.
The development of smart or intelligent material systems is currently receiving considerable international attention. The possibility of embedding fibre optic sensors into advanced composite materials to simulate a rudimentary nervous system represents one possible approach by which the surrounding environment and structure might be monitored in real time.
The company only deals in passive smart structures. Embedded fibre optics are designed to transfer heat, deflection and vibratory information of the structure smartly back to its monitoring system is real time. Thus the information is transferred to a CPU which will act accordingly to the information received. In the case of one system quoted by DR Roberts it was extremely fast, reacting to vibrations in a two second feed back or loop system, to counteract the vibrations causing problems, i.e. crack propagation.
Doctor Roberts and I discussed how the system would relate the information back in the composite optical material. When bending it performed at a high level of accuracy and related this data in real time to an actuator operating an equal and opposite effect, correcting the faults, as they appear.
Frank Gherys Chair Photographed At the design council London.
Right an example of embedded fibre optics:
This was an extremely interesting conversation, and when asked how many people were using the system and for what reasons, he described how a market place was appearing, with reference to a brief history of smart systems.
People with direct problems, which need to be solved immediately or need to be proved to an authority, were taking on the systems which his company developed and are developing. Most subscribers are in civil engineering projects, i.e. Aeronautical; Mainly Bridges and engineering structures.
“ Its like a doctor on call, accept he`s on site all the time.”
“ A real time health monitor.”
DR Scott Roberts and DR R.Davidson:
intellegence!
Conclusion:
“Non destructive examination of advanced composite materials could be greatly enhanced by building into the structure a real time health monitoring system. Fibre optic sensors offer the potential to fulfill this role but many problems have still yet to be overcome before “self-diagnostic” or “smart” composites become a commercial reality.”
(Smart Composite Material Systems.)
Chapter 9:
Central Debate for and against a smart future:
Making a fast buck
We live in a disposable economy, therefore cut backs on design and production is commonplace-everyone wants to make a fast buck.
Is diminished design the only solution? Or could smart design offer an alternative?
In this chapter we discuss who can afford to design smartly and who wants to design smartly.
The notion of obsolescence came to light when the designers of the 1920’s wanted a constant demand for their products. Charles Kettering of General Motors GM called obsolescence:
“the organized creation of dissatisfaction.”
( R.Maltby Popular Culture in the 20th Century.)
Designers began to create products which had a limited lifespan so that they would need continual replacement. This was to lead consumer goods away from the pure possession of quality, and towards throwaway values. Obsolescence greatly increased consumer spending and thus generated more money for further innovation and investment.
Christine Frederick wrote:
“ Consumption is the name given to the new doctrine.....pay them more, sell them more, prosper more is the equation.”
(R.Maltby Popular Culture in the 20th Century.)
The principal of obsolescence has helped to create the American Dream and has increased the worlds economic and monetary systems. Americans are, “ People of plenty,” they have brought wealth to developed countries, and the idea has helped create them as an economic power. A product with built in obsolescence ensures a future for commerce, there is ever the prospect of redeveloping a better quality product or in the case of fashion a new era, (see Chapter Here and Now pg 27) .
A more recent example of the ethos of obsolescence comes from the motor trade. Harley Earl, Design director at General Motors in the fifties and sixties, invented the notion of “planned obsolescence” As to shorten the service life of motorcars, which gave rise to certain dangerous failures.
(Harley Earl ; S. Bayley)
A product may become obsolete because it is no longer fashionable, but it still may be used. The idea of planned or built in obsolescence is more calculated-a product may be designed to fail after a given period and may be designed to be irreparable. This is obviously very wasteful and hardly eco-friendly, however it is the way we have tended to pursue, obsessed as we are with the fast buck.
Built in obsolescence runs contrary to smart design. Smart innovations strive to increase rather than reduce the product life cycle.
Criticised by many the Toyota group utilised obsolescence in the 70’s on a range of their cars. They were to loose many sales when consumers became aware, however they had by then built a multimillion a year company. The cars were designed to be irreparable and require scraping after a very short life in service, giving commercial return on the maintenance or re-sales of the cars. Ironically it was these practices that made them one of the worlds strongest car manufacturing groups of today.
(Second leading manufacturer in cars 1981 holding 8.2% of world output. (The world Car . Stuart Sinclair 1983.))
By contrast the selling point of current car manufacturers tends to be durability. Audi Motors, for example, label their parts for reuse and recycling, they also have one of the world’s largest washing machines to clean the oily components.
Case study: Light bulb Vs Marathon bulbs.
The invention of the marathon bulb provides a good example of the obsolescence versus extended life argument. Manufacturers are reluctant to introduce products with a longer life in service to their own. These sects denied the market place for marathon bulbs to further their own obsolescent money return systems. Marathon bulbs have been around for the last decade, yet the companies have buried them to further profit maturity. Hopefully in the quest for earth preservation new technologies will be employed as soon as is possible unlike the case of marathon bulb.
Designed to replace standard 50 or 60-watt incandescent bulb, creating a bright equivalent lighting effect with 9,000 hours of life the Marathon bulbs have the capability of reducing energy loss by 15 - 65%.
Standard light bulb: 60watts power consumption, costs 69p.
Marathon bulb of equivalent luminance costs £6.99 or £ 11.99 (electronic starter / stopping flickering.) they have an eleven-watt per hour power consumption.
(Screw in fluorescent bulbs brighten utility “Savings programs” Anon.)
The increased initial price will compensate the producer yet the price is extremely high for the purchaser. The consumer needs to be made aware of the long-term savings he will make and the ecological aspects of the bulb. Marketers must change their promotional tactics, spend now save later must replace cheap and cheerful throwaway values. Long-termism is gradually permeating, especially as people are increasingly aware of environmental issues. Increased life span can be a selling point.
Built in obsolescence may its self-become obsolete, the intelligence of the consumer will be the decisive factor.
(With exception of fashion and art, read here and now.)
“Rage against the dying of the light.”
(A quotation from Dylan Thomas questioning life’s end at the side of his dying father.)
(Appendix 4)
This section aims to examine efforts made to extend the life and service of products in order to increase profits.
It has been established that smart functions can increase the quality and energy conservation of a product e.g. Frank Geary’s chair. ( pg 21 and appendix 4 )
We also consider just how much design work and how much technology has to be encompassed before a smart product can be developed?
Is it economically and ecologically worthwhile to invest in smart technology-should we “Rage against the dying of the light”?
Is it worth making it smart?
Utilizing energy:
“ Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only converted.” (Newton). Smart designers aim to maximize energy efficiency. Many smart products are energy efficient e.g. microwaves versus conventional cookers. Microwaves are energy efficient in usage and in production (cheaper to produce).
Another example of energy efficient innovation is nuclear energy versus fossil fuels. Nuclear energy is more economical and in the short term more ecological, however there is fierce debate about the long-term ecological repercussions of nuclear power especially in the light of disasters such as Chernobyl.
Making a profit:
New technologies are expensive to initiate e.g. research into the marathon bulb.
By having a manufacturing sales price twice as high as the total production cost, a 100% Profit is achievable. Producers were reluctant to launch this product because of the fast buck ethos of obsolescence. However, the long-term savings for the national grid and the ability to sell the bulbs at double the price of conventional bulbs has made their introduction profitable for manufacturers.
Evolve-a bike for the future:
The producer of this smart product aims to ensure sales by offering a unique product. Here we clearly see the shift away from obsolescence and towards energy efficiency and extended life.
( EVOLVE )
Energy Saving Buildings
Case study solar power:
Norman Foster an introduction: British Architect and partner entrepreneur of the propositioned Millennium Tower, (the largest building in the world, doubling the Empire state building at an astonishing One Kilo Meter in Height.). To be erected for the new millennium, it will employ many passive smart systems to accomplish its stance as
“ The symbol of the future.”
(Norman Foster the Limit; Nov 95.)
Solar Foster:
Prior to the development of Millennium Tower Foster was experimenting with the complexity of climatic change. Utilizing solar power he awaits feedback to promote the energy turnabout.
Norman Foster’s climatically controlled buildings in the Ruhr, Germany, are spectacular examples of Smart design creating comfortable and energy efficient environments in which people can live and work.
“Climate control systems...The building is sealed and air-conditioned, with transparent vertical skin in three layers.... there is a cavity containing computer-controlled horizontal lattice blinds that respond to the angle of the sun. The inner skin is made of a new transparent insulation material made by Kaiser Bautechnik which moderates the interior from extremes of external temperature.”
Foster’s building is very exciting and certainly energy saving. However much of the technological innovation involved is in its infancy and it has therefore been an expensive project. The most appealing facet of the building is its ergonomic potential:
Angela Briggs:
“The notion of ‘radiant cooling’ is relatively new to air conditioning practice, which has traditionally relied on the principle that only warmth is positive. But anyone who has ever sat next to a window on a cold day knows how powerfully cold can “radiate”-and how the window drips with condensation. Careful control of temperature and humidity, only possible with computers, can allow radiant cooling from the ceiling to modulate internal climate without occupants having a slow shower bath.”
“The system will doubtlessly need a good deal of tuning up in use (The building has not yet been occupied). But, of its kind, it is one of the most courageous and sophisticated yet invented. We need to know the results of the experiment; in both physical and human terms.”
(Solar Foster Appendix 2)
Is Solar Power the way forward?
Pros and Cons
The natural greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm, reflecting and or radiating heat into the atmosphere. Surely with natural transformation of solar energy demanding so much of the suns power large scale solar power projects may find deprived catchment areas for natural transformation to take place. Could large-scale artificial solar energy transfer be beneficial to fuel problems or just create natural problems?
What would happen to other forms of life in areas deprived by large-scale solar developments?
The process of collecting solar energy through the photoelectric or photovoltaic process requires a smart system to capture sufficient day time light, similar to that of a flower turning to gather food from the sun.
Green Peace is in favour of housing schemes taking solar power on. The size of the proposed unit and its cost is, however. a problem.
Green Peace suggests for one square meter fully installed costs £1000, to regain this initial cost it would take fifty years of use! With more efficient solar systems the energy production has enabled the initial cost return time to be reduced to 25 years. The panels have indefinite life in service therefore the returns would become profitable after the cost return period. The oldest solar panel of this fashion has only been in use for 23 years in Germany. Many of these questions remain to be answered.
With further consumer input, the energy feed back ratio looks to be reduced. Initiation of such projects will save fossil fuels. The weighting of money from government for such developments is, however, small for solar power as compared to nuclear( £400,000 : £1 billion ). Heavy taxation on fossil fuels may balance the scales.
(Hello Sunshine RIBA journal Oct 1995.)
Large-scale production of solar energy reaps many rewards; it will be many years from now before family solar power is economical.
Solar street lamps; Case study:
Fluctuating commercial periods have brought cut backs to Hampton, new Hampshire Business district. To combat this a revitalisation plan was implemented with a view to attracting both financial and technical backing. Solar powered street lamps were decided upon, their bulb life being 15,000 to 20,000 hours in operation, with a maintenance free solar recharge unit (expectant 25 year life). This initiative has gained input from several businesses creating substantial funding for initial development. The initial costs of smart systems require mass input and are achievable when resources are pooled. In this particular case the small businesses surrounding the vision 2000 project.
The vision 2000 project offered a free lighting system close by town of Hampton, this was initially rejected by residents due to limited service support, but at a later meeting the lighting project was accepted.
The immense input into this project shows that it was certainly a rage to fight against the dying of the light, the precious light is being saved and the town has prospered from the venture.
To make its “ Fast Buck.” Hampton has created “ Social standing” with its solar systems. Smart energy efficient projects are influencing and enticing new developments, such as with the Vision 2000 project.
( “ Solar street lights help revitalize downtown.” Czaplyski, V Feb 1994 Appendix 3.)
“ more and more projects are being conceived on a joint venture basis.”
( Williams, S L`Institutdo Monde Arabe in Paris. 1989 Log ID.)
Photochromic glass is a smart component to lower building operation costs and to reduce peak electricity demand, (including lighting costs ). Photochromic and or photoreactive glass reacts to sunlight by increasing its opacity. These systems are becoming very popular in large businesses and are foreseen to conserve energy in the integrated monitor and control systems of their environments. (See Amazing glazing ; Appendix 1 )
Prolonging Life
Direct interactions with smart materials have also brought us medical answers to our own life in service.
“ Synthetic bio-materials have had a major role to play in the numerous prosthetic devices available to Homo sapiens for prolonging life and relieving human suffering.”
( Smart materials & Structures M.V. Gandhi & B.S. Thompson.)
As individuals we have become rather obsessed with longevity. Smart innovations are enabling us to pursue this hankering after increased lifespan and improved health. We are fearful of our own obsolescence and rage ceaselessly against the dying of the light.
Here and now:
What people want “here and now” is an important deciding factor for the future development of smart systems.
We have looked at products inspired by nature, substances that can anticipate failure, repair themselves and adapt to their environment. These so-called intelligent materials have substantial advantages over traditionally engineered constructs.
Certain things cannot be smart and we would not wish them to be so. Fashion and art are products of the here and now, reflecting the spirit of the times, saying something about the people we are and how we choose to live.
Cashmere and gortex are adaptable materials. Cashmere has an aesthetic quality and responds to touch. Gortex is a breathing skin, letting air in and moisture out. These two fabrics are part of the fashion market. The mediums we use to create the fashions of the day will reflect our ability to work with new smart materials. But fashion means change and revolution, reflecting the values of society-we cannot predict or build in features, which will adequately predict the future.
Foodstuffs are being manipulated for health and economic purposes e.g. straight bananas for ease of packaging. However, there are certain basics that are resistant to change-people like milk from a cow and eggs from a hen. Many products hold this virtue and will always be the here and now.
People remain unimpressed with smart systems and materials. Offense is taken when an inanimate or unemotional system thinks for the user.
Prejudices stem from our unwillingness to give up “ the human touch!” for example, there are now error codes on washing machines which reduce the need for human interaction because the technician is able to identify faults very easily.
Conclusion:
Smart innovations are all around us. Smart is the future. Many smart systems are viable because they are economical, ecological and ergonomically designed. Consumers demand increasingly ‘intelligent’ products and competition is high.
“ The scope for consumer products is limited only by the bounds of the imagination.”
( MIS Smart materials paper. Appendix 1.)
We began by suggesting that man very often mimics nature in his desire to create reactive, adaptable systems. It is significant that we tend towards the miracle of natural creation for some of our smartest current innovations. Biometric Verification is a field of research and development which at once excites and repels and thereby encapsulates some of the major issues in the smart debate. Our unique physiology can be used as an almost foolproof means of identification. With the aid of sophisticated computer technology we are able to dispense with plastic cards, I.D. tags and keys e.g. iris recognition can now be used as a means of identification. Some of us may find such innovations sinister-the idea of “Big Brother.” is haunting-people tend to fear change, despite its inevitability.
Many smart systems save labour and time. We have already been liberated from much domestic drudgery and more liberation is sure to follow. Smart technology gives us freedom; ironically we may find we are able to return to a simpler way of life because of the complex technological innovations we have attained. We are creating more time to write, paint, sing and do sports.
Smart technology gives us more time and it also gives us more space.
Terence Conran :
“ I Think space is the greatest luxury of the twentieth century.”
(“ The shape of things.” 1996 ITV Carlton.)
Smart innovations save space, originally a label given to aeronautical systems, smart “aims to reduce parts and weight.”
The most efficient of today’s smart systems and materials are those, which perform direct actions from input, requiring minimum functions to operate. Example: Photo chromic Glass.
Simple low tech ideas using re-cycled materials can do the same as high tech ones in saving space time and effort:
The amount of components in a product challenge the application of smart design, the products, which require a greater number of functions, are less efficient because of an increased fallibility. Techniques to produce smart systems, such as Miniaturization and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. (“ Nano technology ” which takes miniaturization to new levels.), are the ethos of smart design. Reducing components, actions, weight and space.
Thoughts on Green Smart rule:
Increase high tech higherr functions decrease material adaptation and complex mechanisms, use simple lowtech materials and high tech monitoring and control.
Although smart systems are intelligent, (changing themselves), systems that use our selves to be either the measurand, brain or actuator of the system, have the ability to be the smart systems of tomorrow. A so-called self-tailored product is a designed aspect, development by the user and led by the designer, these designs indicate where the development of smart systems may take place in the future. Smart systems tailor products independently and autonomously, with a minimized user participation and maximum user dictation.
The future use of smart systems applied to the present tailored products could make more efficient designs for the user and producer.
The topics I have been considering are extremely broad ranging. I am aware that it has not been possible to make a detailed analysis of the smart future in so short a piece of work. I have touched upon economics, design innovation, ecological issues and consumer needs, but each one of these areas merits more detailed exploration. Furthermore, underlying the aforementioned is a complex philosophical debate: what kind of future do we want to create for ourselves? Is it smart to go smart?
As Leonardo Da Vinci predicted we have achieved the feat of recreating nature, fins and wings are being emulated by means of smart materials, the excitement of endeavor into the worlds and realms of our undiscovered environments holds many new fields of exploration.
We would do well to remember that nature is rich in its own smart systems and we should try to achieve a harmony between the two.
Smart design addresses the problems of time, space and money, if we use good design, were we need space time and money, how can we possibly fail to maintain the natural balance of the earth, enablng us to live in harmony?
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Acknowlegements:
Dr Neil Shirrock John Moores University Liverpool Architectural. For all the advice and information on energy efficient buildings.
Dr S.J.Roberts Senior Materials Scientist. AEA Technology Advanced Engineering Materials: For expert knowledge on really smart systems in use.
W Craig Michie, University of Strathclyde. For direction and papers, thanks for your time.
Dr Brian Mellor South Hampton University. Thanks for the references.
Brian Cullshaw University of Strathclyde. For information.
Ken Jackson, Pilkinson glass. Thankyou for smart glass reports.
Sally. Thanks.
Houssain Saidpour. Thankyou for your time.
Kamran Tabesfar. Thankyou for the contacts.
